|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 19
| Issue : 1 | Page : 61-65 |
|
|
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with or without platelet-rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects
Enas Ahmed Elgendy1, Tamer Elamer Abo Shady2
1 Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
2 Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| Date of Submission | 15-Feb-2014 |
| Date of Acceptance | 12-Jun-2014 |
| Date of Web Publication | 08-Jan-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Enas Ahmed Elgendy
Department of Radiology, October 6 University, Tanta
Egypt
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.148639
 Abstract | | |
Background: Nano-sized ceramics may represent a promising class of bone graft substitutes due to their improved osseointegrative properties. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (NcHA) binds to bone and stimulate bone healing by stimulation of osteoblast activity. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), an intimate assembly of cytokines, glycan chains, and structural glycoproteins enmeshed within a slowly polymerized fibrin network, has the potential to accelerate soft and hard tissue healing. The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographical outcome of NcHA bone graft with or without PRF, in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. Materials and Methods: In a split-mouth study design, 20 patients having two almost identical intrabony defects with clinical probing depth of at least 6 mm were selected for the study. Selected sites were randomly divided into two groups. In Group I, mucoperiosteal flap elevation followed by the placement of NcHA was done. In Group II, mucoperiosteal flap elevation, followed by the placement of NcHA with PRF was done. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6-month postoperatively. Results: Both treatment groups showed a significant probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction, clinical attachment gain, increase bone density 6-month after surgery compared with baseline. However, there was a significantly greater PPD reduction and clinical attachment gain when PRF was added to NcHA. Conclusion: The NcHA bone graft in combination with PRF demonstrated clinical advantages beyond that achieved by the NcHA alone. Keywords: Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite, periodontal regeneration, platelet-rich fibrin
How to cite this article:
Elgendy EA, Abo Shady TE. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with or without platelet-rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015;19:61-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Elgendy EA, Abo Shady TE. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with or without platelet-rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. J Indian Soc Periodontol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2022 Jan 19];19:61-5. Available from: https://www.jisponline.com/text.asp?2015/19/1/61/148639 |
| Introduction | |  |
The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of periodontal tissues that have been destroyed due to periodontal disease. Periodontal regeneration is the reconstruction of the lost tissues as evidenced histologically in the formation of new cementum, new alveolar bone, and functionally oriented periodontal ligament. Different modalities have been proposed to obtain regeneration of periodontal tissues employing various bone grafts, bone substitute materials, guided tissue regeneration (GTR), combination of bone grafts or bone substitutes with GTR and growth factors. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]
Hydroxyapatites (HAs) represent a family of bone grafting materials with a high degree of biocompatibility that is largely attributable to its presence in natural calcified tissue. [7] Preliminary experimental studies have shown that nano-sized ceramics may represent a promising class of bone graft substitutes due to their improved osseointegrative properties. [8],[9] Accordingly, a synthetic nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (NcHA) bone graft has been introduced for augmentation procedures in intrabony defects. Advantages of NcHA material are osteoconductivity, bioresorbablity, and close contact. A special feature of nanostructured materials is an extremely high number of molecules on the surface of the material. When the NcHA was used as a bone graft substitute, rapid healing of critical size defects was observed in animal experiments and in human applications. [10] NcHA binds to bone and stimulate bone healing by stimulation of osteoblast activity. [11] NcHA has been used for the treatment of metaphyseal fractures in orthopedic surgery, [12] ridge augmentation, [13] and peri-implantitis lesions. [14]
Platelet-rich plasma (PRF) is an autologous concentration of platelets in plasma. [15],[16] PRP has been used to enhance the clinical outcome obtained by using bone grafts with and without GTR in the treatment of intrabony defects. PRF, a second-generation platelet concentrate has been introduced by Choukroun et al. in 2001 that has several advantages over PRP. [17] Choukroun's PRF, a second-generation platelet concentrate is an autologous leukocyte and PRF material. This is produced in a totally natural manner, without using anticoagulant during blood harvest nor bovine thrombin and calcium chloride for platelet activation and fibrin polymerization. The absence of anticoagulant implies the activation in a few minutes of most platelets of the blood sample in contact with the tube walls and release of the coagulation cascades. The protocol is very simple and of low cost. PRF is a matrix of autologous fibrin, in which are embedded intrinsically a large quantity of platelet and leukocyte cytokines during centrifugation leading to their progressive release over time (7-11 days), as the network of fibrin disintegrates. [17],[18]
This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of NcHA bone replacement graft with or without PRF, in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.
| Materials and methods | | |
Patient selection
In this 6-month follow-up interventional study, a total of 20 systemically healthy patients undergoing periodontal therapy at the Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, 6 October University and Tanta University from February 2013 to December 2013 were selected for the study. Intraoral periapical radiographs were taken to confirm the presence of suitable bony defects for the selection of subjects. All participants received full written and verbal information about the study and signed an informed consent form. This study was approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Tanta University. There were no conflicts of interest in this study. The inclusion criteria were the presence of two almost identical interproximal intrabony defects, one on either side of the arch based on radiographic observations with clinical probing depth ≥6 mm in teeth. Exclusion criteria for this study included:
- Any systemic disease that affect the periodontium and contraindicate for periodontal surgery
- Patients are having insufficient platelet count for PRF preparation, patients with coagulation defect or anticoagulation treatment
- Pregnant, lactating mothers, postmenopausal women.
- People who take antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics or vitamins within the previous 3 months
- People who use mouthwashes regularly
- Heavy smoking (>10 cigarettes/day)
- History of alcohol abuse
- Unacceptable oral hygiene after the re-evaluation of phase I therapy were excluded from the study.
A general assessment of selected subjects was made through their history, clinical examination and routine investigations. All subjects were treated with the initial phase I therapy involving oral hygiene instructions, scaling and root planning. Following phase I therapy the subjects were re-evaluated after 4 weeks, and those who still satisfied the selection criteria were finally taken up for the study.
Materials
Nano-bone® (ARTOSS GmbH friedrich-Barnewitz-straBe 3118119 Rostock/Germany).
Platelet-rich fibrin preparation
The PRF was prepared in accordance with the protocol developed by Dohan et al. [18] Just prior to surgery, intravenous blood (by venipuncturing of the antecubital vein) was collected in 10-ml sterile tube without anticoagulant and immediately centrifuged in centrifugation machine at 3,000 revolutions (approximately: 400 g)/min for 10 min. Blood centrifugation immediately after collection allows the composition of a structured fibrin clot in the middle of the tube, just between the red corpuscles at the bottom and acellular plasma (Platelet-poor plasma [PPP]) at the top. [19] PRF was easily separated from red corpuscules base (preserving a small red blood cell layer) using a sterile tweezers and scissors just after removal of PPP and then transferred onto glass slide and put another glass slide over the PRF to squeeze and transfer it to membrane.
Patient groups
Selected sites were randomly divided into two groups. In Group I, mucoperiosteal flap elevation followed by the placement of nano-bone® with PRF was done. In Group II, mucoperiosteal flap elevation, followed by the placement of nano-bone® was done [Figure 1]. Recall appointments were made at 7 days, 30 days, and then at 3 months and 6-month. | Figure 1: (a and b) Reflection of mucoperiosteal flap and nano-HA filled in the intrabony defect and covered by PRF mrmbrane (Group I); (c and d) Reflection of mucoperiosteal flap and nano-HA filled in the defect (Group II)
Click here to view |
Clinical measurements
The periodontal status of the subjects was determined by recording:
- Plaque index (PI) [20]
- Gingival index (GI) [21]
- Probing pocket depth (PPD) [22]
- Clinical attachment level (CAL). [21]
All clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and at 3 and 6-month post treatment.
Radiographic examination
Periapical dental radiographs using long cone paralleling technique were obtained from each patient for the selected site before treatment and at 6-month after treatment. All radiographs were obtained by the same X-ray machine (ORIX 70-ARDET, Italy); using 70 kvp; 8 mA, and with a fixed exposure time of 0.8 s. The radiographs were developed using automatic developer machine (DURR-AUTOMATIC, XR 24-II, Italy). Then, the processed periapical radiographs were digitized using a full page, color flatbed computer scanner (with optional transparency adaptor) connected to an IBM compatible personal computer equipped with Pentium IV processor.
The region of interest was determined in each radiograph as the region that begins 1 mm below the cement-enamel junction and down toward the root apex 7 mm in length. The gray levels were carried out using the computer graphic software Adobe Photoshop version 7 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 345 Park Avenue, San Jose, California 95110, USA).
Statistical analysis
All the results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using computer software named the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 16, Chicago, Illinois). Comparison within and between the studied groups performed with independent samples Student's t-test paired t-test and at a level of 5% significance.
| Results | | |
The mean age of the patients in Group I was 44.25 ± 8.45 years old, whereas in Group II, it was 39.70 ± 6.36 years old with no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the meantime, the mean baseline values of PI, GI, PPD, and CAL and bone density (BD) showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Clinical results
In the present study both treatment modalities achieved a statistically significant reduction of the mean PI and GI scores, which continued up to the end of the 6-month evaluation period when compared to the mean baseline values (P < 0.01). However, at all evaluation points the reduction in PI and GI scores were no statistically significant different between two groups [ P > 0.01, [Table 1]]. The mean PI and GI score remained <1 throughout 6-month period. Thus, in general, the patients showed good oral hygiene throughout the study. | Table 1: Mean values of PI, GI, PPD, CAL, among the study groups at baseline and 6 months after treatment and BD among the study groups at baseline and 6 - month after treatment
Click here to view |
Furthermore, results of Groups I and II revealed that there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean PPD and CAL measurements at 6-month post treatment compared with the mean baseline values. However, at 6-month the reduction in PPD and CAL scores was statistically different and more obvious following the PRF therapy of the Group I compared with Group II [P < 0.01, [Table 1]].
Bone density results
In both groups, data showed a statistically significant rise in the mean values of BD after 6-month follow-up compared with baseline values (P < 0.001). At 6-month the Group I showed more statistically significant rise in BD values as compared to the Group II [P < 0.001; [Table 1] and [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. | Figure 2 a and b: Photograph showing the gray level of bone at baseline and after 6 months post treatment in Group I
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3 a and b: Photograph showing the gray level of bone at baseline and after 6 month post treatment in Group II
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Therapeutic approaches for managing periodontitis involve various modalities to arrest the progression of periodontal tissue destruction, as well as regenerative techniques intended to restore structures destroyed during the disease process. [23]
Nano-sized HP may have other special properties due to its small size and huge specific surface area. This nano-size leads to a significant increase in protein adsorption and osteoblast adhesion on the nano-sized ceramic. [24]
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is in the form of platelet gel and can be used in conjunction with bone grafts, which offers several advantages including promoting wound healing, bone growth and maturation, graft stabilization, wound sealing, and hemostasis and improving the handling properties of graft materials. [25] The present study evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcomes obtained following treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with nano-HA with or without PRF. It was designed as a split-mouth investigation to facilitate the comparison of two treatment procedures by eliminating patient-specific characteristics that might have an impact on the results of regenerative surgeries. [26],[27] The split-mouth design has been considered adequate for evaluating regenerative procedures in a recent systematic review. [28] Wenzel et al., [29] reported that, no increased bone fill between 6 and 12 months may support the 6-month radiographic analysis of the present study.
In the present study, both treatment modalities achieved a statistically significant reduction in the mean plaque and GI scores at the treated sites during follow-up evaluations compared with baseline scores. At all evaluation periods, the reduction in PI and GI in both groups may be attributed to mechanical oral hygiene procedures.
A significant improvement in PPD reduction, CAL gain, and radiographic defect fill was observed in both test and control group at 6-month postoperatively compared with baseline which was favoring to the Group I. In Group II, the reduction in PPD and the CAL gain was in accordance with the previous reported study by Kasaj et al., [30] that evaluated the clinical efficacy of NcHA paste in intrabony defects and reported PPD reduction of 3.9 mm ± 1.2 mm and CAL gain of 3.6 mm ± 1.6 mm. Meanwhile, Schwarz et al., [14] evaluated the healing of intrabony peri-implantitis defects following application of two types of HA; a NcHA or a bovine-derived xenograft in combination with a collagen membrane (BDX1BG). Postoperative wound healing revealed that NHA compromized initial adhesion of the mucoperiosteal flaps in all patients. At 6-month after therapy, showed that CAL changed from 7.5-1.0 mm to 5.2-0.8 mm.
At all evaluation points, there was statistical significant reduction in PPD, gain in CAL and increased BD in Group I compared with Group II. This may be due to the effect of combination technique (BG + PRF) used in the present study. Kiliη et al., [31] demonstrated that the combination of HA collagen bone graft with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane resulted in higher PPD reduction (5.85 mm) and greater CAL gain (3.80 mm) compared with the test group results. Furthermore, This result in agreement with Singh et al., [32] who found that the NcHA bone graft in combination with the collagen membrane demonstrated clinical advantages beyond that achieved by open flap debridement alone.
It was suggested that intrabony defect configuration influences the results after GTR, and larger amounts of CAL gain were reported following GTR treatment. [33] A systematic review concluded that in two-wall intrabony defect models of periodontal regeneration, the additional use of grafting material gave superior histological results of bone repair to barrier membranes alone. [34]
Clinical trials suggest that the combination of bone graft along with the growth factors in the PRF may be suitable to enhance the BD because PRF is a rich source of platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factors, and insulin-like growth factors. [25]
Platelet-rich fibrin can serve as a resorbable membrane, which can be used in preprosthetic surgery and implantology to cover bone augmentation site. [35] Since the surface of PRF membrane is smoother, it can cause superior proliferation of human periosteal cells thereby enhancing bone regeneration. [36] The progressive polymerization mode of coagulation in PRF helps in the increased incorporation of the circulating cytokines into the fibrin meshes (intrinsic cytokines) which helps in wound healing by moderating the inflammation. [36],[37]
Shivashankar et al., [38] used HA and PRF barrier membrane in the treatment of large periapical lesion. Radiologically, the HA crystals have been completely replaced by new bone at the end of 2 years. They hypothesize that the use of PRF in conjunction with HA crystals might have accelerated the resorption of the graft crystals and would have induced the rapid rate of bone formation.
Simple, easy, fast and cost-effective process of PRF preparation without any biochemical involvements hold the major advantage over other derivatives. Also the physiologic functional fibrin matrix has the ability to sustain and progressively release growth factors, cytokines and leukocytes in the surrounding tissues as the matrix degrades over time. All these factors help make PRF the most significant in fibrin technology and endogenous regenerative therapy. [39]
| Conclusion | | |
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite is a promising bone graft in the treatment of intrabony defect. Adjunctive use of PRF membrane in combination with NcHA bone graft resulted in clinically, radiographically and statistically significant compared with NcHA bone graft alone, in terms of PPD reduction, CAL gain, and increase BD.
| Recommendation | | |
The combination therapy of PRF with commercially available bone grafts is a promising technic that should be used to enhance the regeneration.
| References | | |
| 1. | Cortellini P, Tonetti MS. Focus on intrabony defects: Guided tissue regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2000;22:104-32.  |
| 2. | Hiatt WH, Schallhorn RG. Intraoral transplants of cancellous bone and marrow in periodontal lesions. J Periodontol 1973;44:194-208. |
| 3. | Lekovic V, Kenney EB, Carranza FA Jr, Danilovic V. Treatment of class II furcation defects using porous hydroxylapatite in conjunction with a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. J Periodontol 1990;61:575-8. |
| 4. | Lynch SE, de Castilla GR, Williams RC, Kiritsy CP, Howell TH, Reddy MS, et al. The effects of short-term application of a combination of platelet-derived and insulin-like growth factors on periodontal wound healing. J Periodontol 1991;62:458-67. |
| 5. | McClain PK, Schallhorn RG. Long-term assessment of combined osseous composite grafting, root conditioning, and guided tissue regeneration. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1993;13:9-27. |
| 6. | Mellonig JT, Bowers GM, Cotton WR. Comparison of bone graft materials. Part II. New bone formation with autografts and allografts: A histological evaluation. J Periodontol 1981;52:297-302. |
| 7. | Heinz B, Kasaj A, Teich M, Jepsen S. Clinical effects of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects: A randomized controlled clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2010;14:525-31. |
| 8. | Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH, Siegel RW, Bizios R. Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 2000;21:1803-10. |
| 9. | Chris Arts JJ, Verdonschot N, Schreurs BW, Buma P. The use of a bioresorbable nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite paste in acetabular bone impaction grafting. Biomaterials 2006;27:1110-8. |
| 10. | Schnettler R, Dingeldein E. Inorganic bone substitutes. Tissue Engineering and Biodegradable Equivalents: Scientific and Clinical Applications. New York: Marcell Dekker; 2002. p. 401-32. |
| 11. | Schnettler R, Stahl JP, Alt V, Pavlidis T, Dingeldein E, Wenisch S. Calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes. Eur J Trauma 2004;4:219-29. |
| 12. | Huber FX, Belyaev O, Hillmeier J, Kock HJ, Huber C, Meeder PJ, et al. First histological observations on the incorporation of a novel nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste (Ostims ® ) in human cancellous bone. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006;7:50. |
| 13. | Strietzel FP, Reichart PA, Graf HL. Lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using a synthetic nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitution material (Ostim): Preliminary clinical and histological results. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:743-51. |
| 14. | Schwarz F, Bieling K, Latz T, Nuesry E, Becker J. Healing of intrabony peri-implantitis defects following application of a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) or a bovine-derived xenograft (Bio-Oss) in combination with a collagen membrane (Bio-Gide). A case series. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:491-9. |
| 15. | Sunitha J, Manjunath K. A combination of platelet rich plasma and hydroxyapatite (osteogen) bone graft in the treatment of intrabony defects - A case report: A preliminary study. Clin Diagn Res 2010;4:2984-8. |
| 16. | Ouyang XY, Qiao J. Effect of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects in humans. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006;119:1511-21. |
| 17. | Toffler M, Toscano N, Holtzcaw D, Corso MD, Ehrenfest DM. Introducing Choukroun's PRF to the reconstructive surgery millieu. J Implant Adv Clinical Dent 2009;1:21-32. |
| 18. | Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: Technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:e37-44. |
| 19. | Choukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffler C, Vervelle A. A opportunite' in paroimplantology: The PRF. Implantodontie 2001;42:55-62. |
| 20. | Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Ii. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:121-35. |
| 21. | Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 1963;21:533-51. |
| 22. | Ramfjord SP. The periodontal index. J Periodontol 1967;38:602. |
| 23. | Page RC. Periodontal therapy: Prospects for the future. J Periodontol 1993;64:744-53. |
| 24. | Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH. Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 2000;21:1803-10. |
| 25. | Sunitha Raja V, Munirathnam Naidu E. Platelet-rich fibrin: Evolution of a second-generation platelet concentrate. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:42-6. |
| 26. | Cortellini P, Tonetti MS. Focus on intrabony defects: guided tissue regeneration. Periodontol 2000 22:104-32. |
| 27. | Hujoel PP, Moulton LH. Evaluation of test statistics in split-mouth clinical trials. J Periodontal Res 1988;23:378-80. |
| 28. | Needleman I, Tucker R, Giedrys-Leeper E, Worthington H. Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal intrabony defects - A Cochrane Systematic Review. Periodontol 2000 2005;37:106-23. |
| 29. | Wenzel A, Warrer K, Karring T. Digital subtraction radiography in assessing bone changes in periodontal defects following guided tissue regeneration. J Clin Periodontol 1992;19:208-13. |
| 30. | Kasaj A, Röhrig B, Zafiropoulos GG, Willershausen B. Clinical evaluation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste in the treatment of human periodontal bony defects - A randomized controlled clinical trial: 6-month results. J Periodontol 2008;79:394-400. |
| 31. | Kiliç AR, Efeoglu E, Yilmaz S. Guided tissue regeneration in conjunction with hydroxyapatite-collagen grafts for intrabony defects. A clinical and radiological evaluation. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:372-83. |
| 32. | Singh VP, Nayak DG, Uppoor AS, Shah D. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of Nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite bone graft (Sybograf) in combination with bioresorbable collagen membrane (Periocol) in periodontal intrabony defects. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:60-7. |
| 33. | Cortellini P, Pini Prato G, Tonetti MS. Periodontal regeneration of human infrabony defects. I. Clinical measures. J Periodontol 1993;64:254-60. |
| 34. | Sculean A, Nikolidakis D, Schwarz F. Regeneration of periodontal tissues: Combinations of barrier membranes and grafting materials - Biological foundation and preclinical evidence: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35:106-16. |
| 35. | Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard MO, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part IV: Clinical effects on tissue healing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:e56-60. |
| 36. | Gassling V, Douglas T, Warnke PH, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Becker ST. Platelet-rich fibrin membranes as scaffolds for periosteal tissue engineering. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010;21:543-9. |
| 37. | Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part III: Leucocyte activation: A new feature for platelet concentrates? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:e51-5. |
| 38. | Shivashankar VY, Johns DA, Vidyanath S, Sam G. Combination of platelet rich fibrin, hydroxyapatite and PRF membrane in the management of large inflammatory periapical lesion. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:261-4. [ PUBMED]  |
| 39. | Blumenthal N, Sabe T, Barrington E. Healing responses to grafting of combined collagen-decalcified bone in periodontal defects in dogs. J Periodontol 1986;57:84-90. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite in regeneration of periodontal intrabony defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Muhammad Saad Shaikh, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Ahmad Alnazzawi, Fawad Javed | | Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2022; 240: 151877 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Treatment of periodontal intrabony defects using bovine porous bone mineral and guided tissue regeneration with/without platelet-rich fibrin: a randomized controlled clinical trial |
|
| Kaining Liu, Zhen Huang, Zhibin Chen, Bing Han, Xiangying Ouyang | | Journal of Periodontology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Use of platelet-rich fibrin for the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Richard J. Miron, Vittorio Moraschini, Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Yufeng Zhang, Tomoyuki Kawase, Raluca Cosgarea, Soren Jepsen, Mark Bishara, Luigi Canullo, Yoshinori Shirakata, Reinhard Gruber, Döri Ferenc, Monica Diuana Calasans-Maia, Hom-Lay Wang, Anton Sculean | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2021; 25(5): 2461 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Comparing Nanohydroxyapatite Graft and Other Bone Grafts in the Repair of Periodontal Infrabony Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
|
| Muhammad Saad Shaikh, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Ahmad Alnazzawi | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21): 12021 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Inflammatory cell profile using different autologous fibrin protocols |
|
| Ledson Sampaio Nogueira, Elizabeth Ferreira Martinez, Daiane Cristina Peruzzo, Júlio César Joly, Marcelo Henrique Napimoga | | Tissue and Cell. 2020; 67: 101407 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Biomimetic Aspects of Oral and Dentofacial Regeneration |
|
| Akshaya Upadhyay, Sangeeth Pillai, Parisa Khayambashi, Hisham Sabri, Kyungjun T. Lee, Maryam Tarar, Stephanie Zhou, Ingrid Harb, Simon D. Tran | | Biomimetics. 2020; 5(4): 51 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Autologous platelet concentrates for treating periodontal infrabony defects |
|
| Massimo Del Fabbro, Lorena Karanxha, Saurav Panda, Cristina Bucchi, Jayakumar Nadathur Doraiswamy, Malaiappan Sankari, Surendar Ramamoorthi, Sheeja Varghese, Silvio Taschieri | | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018; 2018(11) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
| 
