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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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Year : 2013 | Volume
: 17
| Issue : 6 | Page : 741-747 |
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Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent
Mayur Sudhakar Khairnar, Babita Pawar, Pramod Parashram Marawar, Ameet Mani
Department of Periodontology, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Rural Dental College, Loni, Rahata, Ahmed Nagar, Maharashtra, India
Date of Submission | 13-Sep-2011 |
Date of Acceptance | 15-Sep-2013 |
Date of Web Publication | 7-Jan-2014 |
Correspondence Address: Mayur Sudhakar Khairnar Precision Dental Clinic and Implant Center, Shop No. 13, New Geetanjali CHS Ltd, Anand Nagar, Vasai West, Thane - 401 202, Maharashtra India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.124491
Abstract | | |
Background: Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis), commonly known as pot marigold, is a medicinal herb with excellent antimicrobial, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory activity. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of C. officinalis in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty patients within the age group of 20-40 years were enrolled in this study with their informed consent. Patients having gingivitis (probing depth (PD) ≤3 mm), with a complaint of bleeding gums were included in this study. Patients with periodontitis PD ≥ 4 mm, desquamative gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), smokers under antibiotic coverage, and any other history of systemic diseases or conditions, including pregnancy, were excluded from the study. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups - test group (n = 120) and control group (n = 120). All the test group patients were advised to dilute 2 ml of tincture of calendula with 6 ml of distilled water and rinse their mouths once in the morning and once in the evening for six months. Similarly, the control group patients were advised to use 8 ml distilled water (placebo) as control mouthwash and rinse mouth twice daily for six months. Clinical parameters like the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) were recorded at baseline (first visit), third month (second visit), and sixth month (third visit) by the same operator, to rule out variable results. During the second visit, after recording the clinical parameters, each patient was subjected to undergo a thorough scaling procedure. Patients were instructed to carry out regular routine oral hygiene maintenance without any reinforcement in it. Results: In the absence of scaling (that is, between the first and second visit), the test group showed a statistically significant reduction in the scores of PI, GI, SBI (except OHI-S) (P < 0.05), whereas, the control group showed no reduction in scores when the baseline scores were compared with the third month scores. Also, when scaling was performed during the third month (second visit), there was statistically significant reduction in the scores of all parameters, when the third month scores were compared with the sixth month scores in both groups (P < 0.05), but the test group showed a significantly greater reduction in the PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S scores compared to those of the control group. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that calendula mouthwash is effective in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis adjunctive to scaling. Keywords: Anti-gingivitis, anti-inflammatory, anti-plaque, Calendula officinalis
How to cite this article: Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A. Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013;17:741-7 |
How to cite this URL: Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A. Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. J Indian Soc Periodontol [serial online] 2013 [cited 2022 May 21];17:741-7. Available from: https://www.jisponline.com/text.asp?2013/17/6/741/124491 |
Introduction | |  |
Gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory process limited to the gingiva, without either attachment or alveolar bone loss. It is one of the most frequent oral diseases, affecting more than 90% of the population, regardless of age, sex or race. The earliest clinical sign is bleeding, which is a sequel of the vasodilator effect caused by an inflammatory response. [1] The prevention of gingivitis by daily and effective supragingival plaque control via brushing the teeth and dental floss is necessary to arrest a possible progression to periodontitis. [2],[3]
Although mechanical plaque control methods have the potential to maintain adequate levels of oral hygiene, clinical experience and population-based studies have shown that such methods are not being employed accurately by a large number of people. Therefore, several chemotherapeutic agents such as triclosan, essential oils, and chlorhexidine have been developed to control bacterial plaque, aiming to improve the efficacy of daily oral hygiene control measures. [4]
The interest in plants with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity has increased as a consequence of the current problems associated with the wide-scale misuse of antibiotics that induce microbial drug resistance [5],[6] and cytotoxic effects on the host cells.
Natural products such as Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Curcuma zedoaria, Punica granatum Linn., and other herbal products have been tested and are found to have effective medicinal properties. C. officinalis (family Asteraceae), mostly known as 'pot marigold', is a medicinal shrub native to the Mediterranean area, although, it is widely spread throughout the world. It produces yellow or orange flowers, which are used medicinally either in the form of infusion, tinctures, liquid extracts, creams or ointments. The plant contains polysaccharides, flavanoids, triterpene alcohols, phenol acids, tannins, glycosides, sterols, carotenoids, saponosides, and the like. [7]
Various researchers have shown C. officinalis to have antibacterial [8],[9] and antifungal activity. [10] It also exhibits wound healing and re-epitheliazation, [11] anti-inflammatory, [12],[13] antioxidant, [14] immunomodulatory [15],[16] and anti-mutagenic [17],[18] properties. It has reported no contraindications and no other drug interactions, but individuals with a known sensitivity to the Compositae family may be predisposed to allergic reactions. [19] Mouth rinsing with calendula will allow its anti-inflammatory properties to work against the swollen, irritated gums and its antibacterial properties deal with the periodontopathic microorganisms. [20] Calendula is also used for healing and soothing burns and sunburns, varicose ulcers, relieving sore throats, mouth ulcers, gastric upset, athlete's foot, ear infection, and so on.
Aim | |  |
Few studies have documented the effect of C. officinalis on gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding, but none of the studies has used a comparative control group. Hence, the present study was performed with the following aims:
• To evaluate the efficacy of C. officinalis in reducing plaque and gingivitis
• To compare C. officinalis with the control formulation, with or without adjunctive scaling to reduce gingivitis.
Materials and Methods | |  |
Study design
This is a randomized controlled trial study with a test group using the calendula mouthwash and a placebo control group. The study was carried out in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences University, India, between May 2009 and December 2010, under the approval of the Ethical Committee of the University.
Subjects
Two hundred and forty patients (20 - 40 years) who visited the Department of Periodontics at the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences University with chief complaints of bleeding gums were enrolled in this study. All the subjects had at least 28 teeth other than the third molars. All participants were informed about the nature of the study and those who were willing to participate, signed an informed consent form in compliance with the guidelines of the Health Council of the University.
Inclusion criteria
- Gingivitis with bleeding on probing (PD ≤ 3 mm)
- Habits of cleaning teeth once in morning with a flat-end, medium bristles toothbrush, and a dentifrice
- Patients complying to continue with the prescribed mouthwash as per the study protocol.
Exclusion criteria
- Periodontitis (PD ≥ 4 mm)
- Systemic medical disorder
- Under antibiotic coverage
- Habit of smoking and chewing smokeless tobacco
- Pregnant women.
Clinical design
Two hundred and forty patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Test group n = 120 and control group n = 120. The randomization was done randomly by a non-operator.
Mother tinctures of C. officinalis were obtained from the Alpha Home Pharmacy, Nasik. Each patient in the test group was supplied with seven to eight bottles of calendula mother tincture and a measuring cylinder. The test group patients were advised to dilute 2 ml of calendula tincture († Dr. Willmar Schwabe Germany Home Pharmacy Pvt. Ltd [Manufacturer])with 6 ml of water. This diluted (1: 3) [21] formulation was prescribed for mouth rinsing twice daily for six months.
The control group patients were given distilled water as a control mouthwash (placebo) and were advised to rinse their mouth with 8 ml of it twice daily for six months. They were also supplied a measuring cylinder. All participants were strictly instructed not to bring any additional reinforcement into their oral hygiene practice during the given study period. All patients were re-called to the clinics at the third month (second visit) and at the sixth month (third visit). Patients with spontaneous severe bleeding gums, requiring immediate treatment were not considered, and thus, excluded from the study.
Clinical assessment
Clinical parameters like Turesky-Gilmore modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque Index (PI), [22] gingival index (GI), [23] sulcus bleeding index (SBI), [24] and oral hygiene index - simplified (OHIS) were recorded at the baseline, third month, and sixth month by the same operator, to rule out individual variations in results. Also, after recording the clinical parameters at the third month (during second visit), every patient was subjected to undergo a thorough scaling procedure by a skillful operator.
The Turesky-Gilmore modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI) measures the levels of dental plaque harboring the tooth surface in the fluid-filled oral cavity. The gingival index (GI) was used to assess the severity of gingivitis, the sulcus bleeding index (SBI) was helpful in evaluating the bleeding tendency in gingivitis patients, and lastly the oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) assessed the personal oral hygiene status of an individual.
The PI score was assessed on the labial/buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of all the teeth other than the third molars after applying a two-tone disclosing agent. The GI and SBI scores were recorded on the mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, and lingual aspects of all the teeth, except the third molars. The gingival tissues were inspected for the presence of bleeding, recorded 10 seconds after running the tip of a William probe along the gingival margin (0.5-mm penetration into the sulci). The OHI-S score was evaluated on six selected experimental teeth, to determine the oral hygiene status of each participant. The mean values of PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S were calculated for the test and control groups.
Statistical analysis
The student paired 't' test was used to evaluate the comparison of mean values of the differences in all parameters from the baseline to the third month, from baseline to the sixth month, and from the third month to the sixth month, in the test and control groups.
Results | |  |
All the patients had a complete follow-up of six months. The calendula mouthwash showed good patient compliance, with greater taste acceptance and with an experience of freshness and willingness to continue, without any noticeable adverse effect like abscess, ulcerations, allergic reactions or the like.
The mean values of all clinical parameters, with standard deviation, for the test and control groups at the baseline, third month, and sixth month are given in [Table 1] and [Table 2], respectively.
After applying Student's Paired 't' test there was a highly significant difference in the mean values of PI, GI, and SBI, (except OHI-S, P < 0.01) when the baseline scores were compared with the third month scores. However, when the baseline scores were compared with the sixth month scores and similarly when the third month scores were compared with the sixth month scores, the result showed a statistically significant difference in PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S in the calendula test group. (i.e., P < 0.01) [Table 3]. The student paired 't' test value showed that in the calendula test group there is a highly significant reduction in the mean values of PI, GI, and SBI scores from the baseline to the third month, from the third month to the sixth month, and from the baseline to the sixth month (P < 0.05), whereas, the OHIS score showed no significant reduction when the baseline score was compared with the third month score (P > 0.05), but showed a significant reduction when the third month score was compared with the sixth month score and when the baseline score was compared with the sixth month score (P < 0.05) [Figure 1] and [Table 1] and [Table 3]. This significant reduction in the scores of PI, GI, and SBI from the baseline to the third month reflects the direct effect of calendula in reducing plaque and gingival bleeding in the absence of scaling; as also the reduction in score of all parameters from the third month to the sixth month reflects its effect as an adjunct to scaling. The significant reduction in the OHIS score from the third month to the sixth month is truly attributed to a thorough scaling done at the third month, after recording the clinical parameters [Figure 1] and [Table 1] and [Table 3]. | Figure 1: Bar diagram showing mean values of PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S at baseline, third month, and sixth month in test group
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 | Table 1: Distribution of mean±SD values of various parameters at the baseline, third month, and sixth month in the calendula mouthwash test group (n=120)
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 | Table 2: Distribution of mean±SD values of all parameters at the baseline, third month, and sixth month in the control group (n=120)
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 | Table 3: Value of student's paired 't' test under comparison of mean values of all parameters from baseline to third month, from baseline to sixth month, and from third month to sixth month in the calendula test group (n=120)
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The student's paired test value showed that in the control group there was no significant decrease in the mean values of PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S when the baseline scores were compared with the third month scores (i.e., P > 0.05), however, there was a significant reduction in the mean values of all the parameters when the baseline scores were compared with the sixth month scores in the control group. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in the mean values of all the parameters when the third month scores were compared to the sixth month scores in the control group [Table 4]. The statistical result showed that in the control group there was no significant reduction in the mean value of the differences in the PI, GI, SBI, and OHIS scores from the baseline to the third month (P > 0.05), however, the mean values of PI, GI, SBI and OHIS showed significant reduction when the third month scores were compared with the sixth month scores (P < 0.05) and the baseline scores were compared with the sixth month scores (P < 0.05) [Figure 2] and [Table 2] and [Table 4]. No significant reduction in the mean value of the scores of all parameters from the baseline to the third month signifies that placebo has no direct effect on the reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation in the absence of scaling. However, the significant reduction in mean values of all parameters from the third month to the sixth month was truly contributed to the thorough scaling performed on the third month visit [Figure 2] and [Table 2] and [Table 4]. | Figure 2: Bar diagram showing mean values of PI, GI, SBI, and OHI-S at baseline, third month, and sixth month in control group
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 | Table 4: Values of student's paired 't' test under comparison of differences of all parameters from baseline to the third month, from baseline to the sixth month, and from the third month to the sixth month in the placebo control group (n=120)
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Also, when the percentage of reduction of scores from the third month to the sixth month of the calendula test group and control group were compared, the test group showed significantly greater reduction in scores than the control group, (Test group vs. control group from the third month to the sixth month), PI (51.2% vs. 38.87%), GI (46.09% vs. 35.97%), SBI (49.30% vs. 30.94%) [Table 5] and [Table 6]. | Table 5: Values showing reduction in the percentage of scores of all parameters from day 0 to the third month, from the third month to the sixth month and day 0 to the sixth month in the calendula test group (n=120)
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 | Table 6: Values showing reduction in percentage of scores of all parameters from baseline to the third month, from the third month to the sixth month, from baseline to the sixth month in the control group
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Discussion | |  |
Dental plaque is the main etiological agent of most forms of periodontal disease. To this day, mechanical methods of dental plaque removal are widely regarded as being effective means of helping to control progression of dental caries and periodontal diseases, which rank as one of the most common diseases in humans. [25]
However, for a variety of reasons, a mechanical routine does not appear to be sufficient for a majority of patients. Several chemotherapeutic agents are available commercially in the form of mouth rinses, which are known to have marked antiplaque and antigingivitis activity. Among them, the most commonly used mouth rinses are Chlorhexidine, Listerine, Povidone-Iodine, and Cetylpyridinium chloride. The antibacterial activity of these agents has been extensively studied and their efficacy proved. Unfortunately, the toxic qualities of these agents do not seem to be reserved only for bacteria, but also for fibroblasts, [26],[27],[28],[29] macrophages, [30] PMNs, [31] epithelial cells, and erythrocytes. [32] However, Preethi et al., [12] has demonstrated that calendula extract has no direct adverse effect on fibroblasts, but in fact, it can inhibit the cytotoxic effect on L929 fibroblast cells induced by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Also, Saini et al., [33] has shown that calendula significantly inhibits human gingival fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation and MMP-2 activity. Lagarto et al., have demonstrated very low acute and subchronic oral toxicities of C. officinalis extract in Wistar rats. [34]
The result of our trial demonstrated that use of the C. officinalis mouthwash resulted in significantly greater reduction in plaque and gingivitis in comparison to the control placebo mouthwash. There is scarcity of material on the application of calendula as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent; the only study found was the one done by Yusoff et al., which reported that a calendula-containing mouthwash (plandula) was effective in reducing the PI score by 23.9% and the GI score by 62.3% during a 14-day study period. [35] Yusoff used plandula mouthwash, which contained Plantago, Fragaria, and Chamomilla, in addition to Calendula. However, in the present study, during the period of six months, pure Calendula diluted mother tincture was used as a mouthwash. PI was found to be reduced by 93.60% , GI by 88.69%, and SBI by 86.11%, in six months. The variation in results between the present study and that of Yusoff et al. may be due to the nature of the test mouthwash used, as also the study time period.
The calendula mouthwash group showed significant reduction in scores of PI (28.04%), GI (29.17%), and SBI (24.65%) from the baseline to the third month, that is, in the absence of scaling, whereas, the control group scores of PI, GI, and SBI were the same or slightly increased from the baseline to the third month [Table 3] and [Table 6]. This result reflected that calendula had some direct effect on reducing plaque and gingivitis, even in absence of scaling.
However, after scaling, from the third month to the sixth month, the calendula test group and the control group, both showed significant reduction in PI, GI, and SBI. However, the percentages in reduction of the score of PI, GI, and SBI were greater in the test group compared to the control group. This again signifies that calendula had a certain effect in reducing plaque and gingivitis when used as an adjunct to scaling.
Apart from its effect on plaque and gingivitis, the calendula extract also had an antimicrobial effect on periodontopathic microorganisms and an antifungal effect on many fungal infections. Iauk et al., [22] demonstrated that the calendula flower extract possesses a high degree of anti-microbial activity against 18 different strains of anaerobic and facultative aerobic periodontal bacteria in vitro, suggesting that it may have an inhibitory effect on the bacteria causing pathogenesis of the supporting structures of the tooth. Zilda Cristaine et al.'s (2008), in vitro study, showed calendula to possess antifungal activity comparable to nystatin against different species of Candida including those causing oral candidiasis. [10]
Like chlorhexidine, calendula also has the property of substantivity as demonstrated by Schmidgall et al. in ex vivo laboratory model. Calendula has strong bio-adhesion to porcine buccal membrane, property is been attributed to polysaccharides and mucilage content in the herb. [36] Such effects suggest that it can be used for the therapeutic application in treatment of canker sore, apthous ulcer, sore throat, gingivitis, etc., However, comparative study of substantivity for chlorhexidine and calendula needs to be analyzed in future.
The aqueous extract of calendula facilitates wound healing by increasing neovascularization and rate of deposition of hyaluronic acid (GAGs). Also, the flavonoids in calendula are known to inhibit lysosomal hydrolase, which degrades the hyaluronic acid. [37] Hyaluronic acid is capable of accelerating new bone formation through mesenchymal cell differentiation in bone wounds. [38] Randomized controlled trials have shown reduction in radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck cancers. [39] Similar healing after oral application of gel containing calendula extract over oral mucositis, induced by chemical compound 5-fluorouracil, has been documented in Wistar rats. [40]
It has also been suggested that calendula accelerates wound healing through re-epitheliazation and collagen maturation. [11]
Calendula exerts anti-inflammatory activity through reducing the level of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL- 6, TNF- α, and INF-α in LPS-induced animals and also inhibits the expression of the Cox-2 gene. [12] Flavonoids and carotenoids are potent antioxidant components of calendula, which have free radical-scavenging activity against the OH - , NO - , DPPH + , and ABTS + radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the extract of calendula enhanced the level of endogenous antioxidant catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in animals. [14] The polysaccharide fraction of calendula has an immunomodulatory effect by stimulating the phagocytic activity of human granulocytes in vivo[10] and the phagocytic activity in mice. [11]
These anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of calendula will be beneficial in the treatment of severe periodontitis by modulating the cytokines levels, reducing oxidative stress, and stimulating the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). More research, with the host modulatory effect of C. officinalis is warranted.
Conclusion | |  |
Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that calendula mouthwash is effective in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis as an adjunct to oral prophylaxis. Various researches have documented that calendula possesses antimicrobial, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-mutagenic activities. However, research data on the application of calendula to the treatment of moderate-to-severe periodontitis is limited. Hence, further multi-centered, long-term clinical trials are needed for further evaluation of C. officinalis - to prove its use as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent and also for its use in the treatment of severe periodontitis.
Limitation of study
The effect of using only distilled water as a placebo cannot be ruled out in reducing plaque and gingivitis.
Acknowledgment | |  |
The authors would like to thank Hemant Pawar for his kind support in the statistical analysis of this study.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Used to Manufacture Herbal Products with Regulatory Approval in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study |
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| Bruhan Kaggwa, Henry Kyeyune, Edson Ireeta Munanura, Godwin Anywar, Stephen Lutoti, Jacqueline Aber, Lynn K. Bagoloire, Anke Weisheit, Casim Umba Tolo, Pakoyo Fadhiru Kamba, Patrick Engeu Ogwang, Mohammed Bourhia | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022; 2022: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
Cytocompatibility Properties of an Herbal Compound Solution Support In vitro Wound Healing |
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| Peng Zhou, Vanessa Chrepa, Ioannis Karoussis, Michael A. Pikos, Georgios A. Kotsakis | | Frontiers in Physiology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Calendula officinalis L. Flower Extract |
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| Diva Silva, Marta Salvador Ferreira, José Manuel Sousa-Lobo, Maria Teresa Cruz, Isabel Filipa Almeida | | Cosmetics. 2021; 8(2): 31 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
Vegetal Compounds as Sources of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agents in Dentistry |
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| Raluca-Adriana Milutinovici, Doina Chioran, Roxana Buzatu, Ioana Macasoi, Susan Razvan, Raul Chioibas, Ion Virgil Corlan, Alina Tanase, Calniceanu Horia, Ramona Amina Popovici, Stefania Dinu, Cristina Dehelean, Alexandra Scurtu, Iulia Pinzaru, Codruta Soica | | Plants. 2021; 10(10): 2148 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
Efficacy of herbal alternatives in maintaining oral health in cancer patients: A systematic review |
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| Nadeem Jeddy, NirmalFamila Bettie, R Saravanan, LJ Sai Lakshmi | | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2021; 25(3): 503 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Chrysanthemum indicum, and Calendula officinalis flower extracts against Gram negative and Gram positive food poisoning bacteria |
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| Arun Karnwal | | Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
Lachesis mutus and Calendula officinalis Q in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment–Two Case Reports |
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| K. C. Muraleedharan, Pooja Prakash | | Homœopathic Links. 2021; 34(02): 164 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
Novel natural product-based oral topical rinses and toothpastes to prevent periodontal diseases |
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| Isabelle Laleman, Wim Teughels | | Periodontology 2000. 2020; 84(1): 102 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
Effects of Herbal Mouthwashes on Plaque and Inflammation Control for Patients with Gingivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials |
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| He Cai, Junyu Chen, Nirmala K. Panagodage Perera, Xing Liang | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
Liberal Use of Intraoperative Cystoscopy in Routine Major Gynecological Surgeries |
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| Tanvir Singh | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 60 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
Importance of Colposcopy for screening of Premalignant Lesions of Cervix: An Experience of Tertiary Public Health Hospital in India |
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| Vinita Sarbhai, Mohini Paul, Sangita N Ajmani | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
Laparoscopic Tubectomy, Oophorectomy, Adnexectomy: Indications at Hysterectomy |
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| Liselotte Mettler | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 69 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
Airway changes in Laboring Patient |
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| Geetika G Syal, Kartik Syal, Chitra Chaudhary, Avinash Goyal | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 75 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
Cervicovaginal Agenesis: Hysterectomy or Uterovaginal Anastomosis? |
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| Suwa R Saini | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 78 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Transverse Vaginal Septum: A Rare Case diagnosed during Labor |
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| Khuspreet Kaur, Balwinder Kaur, Arvinder Kaur, Ramiti Gupta | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 83 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Choriocarcinoma: Rupture from Uterus with Lung Metastasis—A Rare Entity |
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| Vaishali Chavan, Neha Sanghvi | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 85 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
Cesarean Section Scar Endometriosis |
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| Vandana Jain | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 88 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser Syndrome |
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| V Agarwal, S Borkar | | International Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy. 2017; 1(2): 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Evaluation of Active Tactile Perception of Single Tooth Implant Prosthesis |
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| CL Satish Babu, Agnelo Michael Reveredo, K Sneha Priya, Rohit Pandurangappa, KR Jnanadev | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2013; 4(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Immediate Placement Implant in Fresh Extraction Socket: A Clinical Study of Seven Cases |
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| Rachit Gangar, Bipin S Sadhwani, Sonal Anchlia, Shaili Sadhwani | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2013; 4(1): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
Influence of Occlusal Forces on Stress Distribution on Preloaded Dental Implant Abutment Screws: A Finite Element Analysis Study |
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| CL Satish Babu, P Rohit, RH Deepa, KR Jnandev, Mohammed Fayaz Pasha | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2013; 4(1): 16 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 22 |
Anatomical Considerations in Implant Selection and Positioning |
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| Manoj Shetty, D Krishna Prasad, Divya Rajan Mehra | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2013; 4(1): 24 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 23 |
Implants in Diabetic Patients |
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| S Swati | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2013; 4(1): 30 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 24 |
A Comparative Evaluation of Crestal Bone Levels in Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdentures using Delayed and Immediate Loading Protocols: An in vivo Study |
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| Himanshu Gupta, AS Kaul, Manesh Lahori, Sidhartha Chandra, Rahul Nagrath | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 25 |
Ridge Preservation done Immediately following Extraction using Bovine Bone Graft, Collagen Plug and Collagen Membrane |
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| Gayatri Gundannavar, Dwarakanath Doraiswamy Chinni, Ramesh Vishwanath Alampalli | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 26 |
A Comparative Evaluation of Linear Dimensional Accuracy of the Dies Obtained using Three Conceptually Different Die Systems in the Fabrication of Implant Prosthesis: An in vitro Study |
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| Dhanasekar Balakrishnan, IN Aparna | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 17 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 27 |
Alveolar Ridge Preservation Utilizing the ‘Socket-Plug’ Technique |
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| G Kotsakis, Nicolas Markou, Vanessa Chrepa, Vasiliki Krompa, Anastasios Kotsakis | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 24 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 28 |
Implantable Devices: A Review of Current Treatment Modalities |
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| Namita Jaggi, Ravi Bhutani, Pooja Mehan | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 31 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 29 |
The Role of Implants in Orthodontics |
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| Ravi Bhutani, Pooja Mehan | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 36 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 30 |
Zirconia Abutments in Implant Dentistry |
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| Meena Ajay Aras, Chetan Mukund Modgi | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 39 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 31 |
Microbiology of Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature |
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| Sagrika Shukla, HS Grover | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 43 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 32 |
Piezosurgical Mandibular Ridge Expansion for Immediate Implant Placement |
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| Nettemu Sunil Kumar, Sowmya Nettem | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 47 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 33 |
‘Teeth in a Day’—An Innovative, Cost-Effective Technique for Immediate Loading of Implants |
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| Sumit Sethi, Shantanu Subhashchandra Jambhekar, Mohit G Kheur, Supriya M Kheur | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 51 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 34 |
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Calcium Sulfate Bone Grafts in Crystalline and Nano-Crystalline Forms in Fresh Extraction Socket Sites: A Radiographic and Histological Pilot Study |
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| Ashish Jain, Rashi Chaturvedi, Bindiya Pahuja | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(1): 58 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 35 |
Attitude toward Desire for Implant Treatment in South Coastal Karnataka Population: A Short-term Epidemiological Survey |
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| Deeksha Sharma, Aruna M Bhat, Krishna D Prasad, Rakshith Hegde | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 63 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 36 |
Objective Assessment of Implants Stability placed in Fresh Extraction Socket using Periotest Device |
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| Manoj Goyal, Gurjap Singh Saini | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 67 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 37 |
Periimplantitis |
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| Praful Bali, Gunjan Gupta, Himanshu Khashu, CS Baiju | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 71 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 38 |
Tissue Stability following Soft-tissue Augmentation and Zirconia Prosthesis: A 6 Years Follow-up |
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| Lanka Mahesh, Sangeeta Dhir, Kelvin Ian Afrashtehfar | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 39 |
Immediate Load Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Implant Prosthetics |
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| Gregori M Kurtzman, Maurizio Grande, Carlo Baroncini | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 83 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 40 |
Rehabilitation of a Patient using a Twin-Stage Technique to achieve Balanced Occlusion in Implant-Supported Overdenture: A Clinical Report |
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| Dhanasekar Balakrishnan, Deepthi Kalahasti, Veena Hegde, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 92 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 41 |
Alveolar Ridge Preservation with ß-TCP Graft and Platelet-Rich Fibrin |
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| Vinita Jain, AB TarunKumar | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 96 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 42 |
Maxillary Sinus Lift Up: An Indirect Approach for Implant Placement in Posterior Maxilla |
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| Amit Agnihotri, Deepshikha Agnihotri | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(2): 101 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 43 |
Implant-retained Mandibular Overdentures: A Comparative Study of Immediate Loading vs Delayed Loading after One Year |
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| Shojaedin Shayegh, Hassan Semyari, Alireza Forouzandeh Shahraki, Mohammad Reza Hakimaneh | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 105 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 44 |
Correlation between Gingival Phenotype, Residual Ridge Height and the Schneiderian Membrane |
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| BC Deepthi, CL Satish Babu, P Rohit, DM Mallikarjuna, R Bharat Raj | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 111 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 45 |
Surface Modifications for Endosseous Dental Implants |
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| Omkar Shetty, Radhika B Parekh, Rubina Tabassum | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 116 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 46 |
Evolution of External and Internal Implant to Abutment Connection |
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| DR Prithviraj, Ninad Muley | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 122 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 47 |
Mind the Gap: The Platform Switching Concept |
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| Poojya Ramdev | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 130 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 48 |
Zirconia Abutments: A Quintessence of Modern Day Implantology |
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| Donny Philip Varughese | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 133 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 49 |
Immediate Implant Placement in Maxillary Molars using Septa Dilatation with Threaded Expanders: 3 Years Follow-up and use of the Technique in Complex Cases |
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| Gregori M Kurtzman, Cesar G Luchetti, Alicia E Kitrilakis, Daniel I Ostrowicz | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 138 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 50 |
Alveolar Reconstruction using Osteointegrated Mini-implant for Distraction Osteogenesis: A Clinical Report |
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| Túlio Del Conte Valcanaia, Gisele Luz Bustamante, Ricardo Quírico Pinheiro Machado | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 146 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 51 |
Single-Stage Dental Implant Placement with Indirect Sinus Floor Elevation Technique: A Clinical Report |
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| Arun N Khalikar, Smita Vaidya, Priyanka Ganesh Govindwar | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2012; 3(3): 150 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 52 |
The Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene-857 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Early Implant Failure in Asian Patients |
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| Tetsuji Nakamoto, Ryuji Hosokawa, Yuhi Murashima, Chihiro Masaki, Michiko Makino, Tetsuro Kojo | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 53 |
Luting Agent Effectiveness on Implant Crown Retention |
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| Göknil Ergün Kunt, Gözlem Ceylan, Nergiz Yilmaz, Bahar Esin Küçük | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 54 |
Biomaterials for Dental Implants: An Overview |
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| GS Amarnath, BC Muddugangadhar, Siddhi Tripathi, Suchismita Dikshit, Divya MS | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 55 |
Reconstruction of Post-traumatic Anterior Maxillary Osseous Deficits, using Corticocancellous Tibial Graft in Preparation for Implant Rehabilitation |
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| Anuradha Navaneetham, Jeevan A Chokanda, Shweta Bhatnagar | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 25 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 56 |
Benefits of CBCT in Implant Planning |
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| Gregori M Kurtzman, Douglas F Dompkowski | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 31 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 57 |
Sagittal Distraction of Edentulous Maxillary Skeletal Base Prior to Implant Therapy |
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| Vinay V Kumar, Neelima A Malik | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 37 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 58 |
A Simplified Approach for Achieving Harmonious Occlusion in Implant Supported Complete Arch Fixed Prosthesis |
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| Suresh S, Nandakishore B | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 43 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 59 |
Immediate Loading of Implants in the Mandible |
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| Udatta Kher, Sanjiv Patil | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 49 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 60 |
Crestal Sinus Augmentation: A Simplified Approach to Implant Placement in the Posterior Maxilla |
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| Gregori M Kurtzman, Douglas F Dompkowski | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(1): 55 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 61 |
The Peri-Implant Zone: A Review of Literature |
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| Lanka Mahesh, Sangeeta Dhir | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 61 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 62 |
Medial Mandibular Flexure: A Review of Concepts and Consequences |
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| Aparna IN, Dhanasekar B, Lokendra Gupta, Lingeshwar D | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 67 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 63 |
Clinicoradiographic Evaluation and Feasibility of Dental Implant in Infected Dentoalveolar Socket |
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| Ravi S Batra, Dayashankara Rao JK, Vijaylaxmy LNU, Abhishek Kukreja | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 73 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 64 |
Histologic and Clinical Evaluation of a Bioactive Calcium Phosphosilicate Bone Graft Material in Postextraction Alveolar Sockets |
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| Aron Gonshor, Stephen A Saroff, Charles R Anderegg, Frederic PC Joachim, Jacques A Charon, Hari Prasad, Srinivas Katta | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 79 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 65 |
Immediate Loading with Intraoral Welding for Improved Implant Stability during Healing |
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| Gregori M Kurtzman, Silvano Umberto Tramonte, Aldo Daniele Dominici | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 85 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 66 |
Mini Dental Implants as a Simple Treatment Alternative for Edentulous Mandibular Cases |
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| PC Jacob, Nitesh Rai, Digvijaya P Patil | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 67 |
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Dental Implants: A Case for Immediate Loading |
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| Karan Marya, JS Dua, Sonia Chawla, Priyanshu R Sonoo, Anuj Aggarwal, Veenita Singh | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 97 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 68 |
Augmentation Procedures for the Maxillary Sinus: A Case Report with 10-year Follow-up |
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| Jihad Abdallah | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 105 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 69 |
Restoration of Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors with Single Stage Implants: An Interdisciplinary Approach |
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| N Kalavathy, MR Dinesh, Mitha M Shetty, Akshai KR Shetty, J Sridevi | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 111 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 70 |
Free Gingival Grafting to Increase the Zone of Keratinized Tissue around Implants |
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| Anil Yadav, Priya Yadav, Harpreet S Grover, Prashant Nanda | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(2): 117 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 71 |
Latest Advances in Concepts and Treatment Protocols of Dental Implants: A Brief Review |
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| Hasan Sarfaraz, Saurabh Chhabra | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 121 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 72 |
Role of Mini-implants in Orthodontics |
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| US Krishna Nayak, Nikhil Malviya | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 126 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 73 |
Prevalence of Peri-implant Diseases Associated with a Rough-Surface Dental Implant System: 9 Years after Insertion |
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| Peer W Kämmerer, Karl M Lehmann, Julia Karbach, Joachim Wegener, Bilal Al-Nawas, Wilfried Wagner | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 135 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 74 |
Bite Force Comparison of Implant-retained Mandibular Overdentures with Conventional Complete Dentures: An in vivo Study |
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| AS Kaul, Deepak Goyal | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 140 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 75 |
Practical Application of the Newly Introduced Natural Bone Regeneration (NBR) Concept Utilizing Alloplastic Putty |
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| G Kotsakis, V Chrepa, S Katta | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 145 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 76 |
Transfer of Esthetic Gingival Contour for Anterior Implant Prosthetics |
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| David Kurtzman, Gregori M Kurtzman, Lee H Silverstein | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 150 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 77 |
Management of Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in an Elderly Lebanese Female |
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| Jihad Abdallah | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 155 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 78 |
Restoration of Maxillary Anterior Defect using Autogenous Block Graft and Optimizing the Esthetics using Zirconia Restoration |
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| Rahul LNU, Harpreet Kumar, Arundeep Kaur Lamba, Farrukh Faraz, Kirti LNU | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 165 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 79 |
Full-Mouth Implant-supported Rehabilitation with a Flapless Surgical Technique: A Treatment Approach using Computer-Assisted Oral Implant Surgery |
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| Eitan Mijiritsky, Adi Lorean, Horia Barbu, Ziv Mazor | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 171 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 80 |
Timing of Implant Placement in Anterior Zone: A Clinical Perspective |
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| Bhakti Tunkiwala, Ali Tunkiwala | | International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research. 2011; 2(3): 176 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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